Art Fakes and Forgeries Essay - 1266 Words

Chris Wiley English 1000 13 September 2010 Fakes and Forgeries Lessing v. Dutton The two essays, â€Å"What is Wrong with a Forgery,† by Alfred Lessing and â€Å"Artistic Crimes,† by Denis Dutton, explore the different reasons that they give negative connotation to the concept of an artistic forgery. Each author concludes that a forgery is indeed wrongful, however their reasons for this conclusion differ in several distinct ways. This essay will summarize both authors’ main points and compare and contrast the fundamental differences of their arguments. Lessing begins â€Å"What is Wrong with a Forgery† by establishing that forgeries are not void of aesthetic value. In fact, he states that a clear distinction must be made between the†¦show more content†¦Lessing uses this concept to draw a distinction between creativity or originality and reproduction or technique. Technique, he says is public, it is something anyone can possess or learn, while originality or creativity is a deeper concept to explore. Both qualities in pe rfect balance, he asserts, are necessary to create a great work of art. Lessing says forgery is in the concept of originality and not technique stating, â€Å"forgery is a concept that can be made meaningful only by reference to the concept of originality, and hence only to art viewed as a creative, not as a reproductive or technical, activity. The element of performance or technique in art cannot be an object for forgery because technique is not the kind of thing that can be forged. Technique is, as it were, public.† In the Vermeer case, it is not the technique that was forged but his discovery of it; his originality in its use. Lessing further defines his view of artistic originality and its importance. He contends that true artistic originality comes from the impact on the history and progression of art. Vermeer, he says was a great artist because he brought new and original technique and style to the artistic community and profoundly impacted art history. The ability to produce aesthetically beautiful pieces of art is not all that makes a great artist, but it is this originality or â€Å"the fact that [Vermeer] painted certainShow MoreRelated Stolen and Forged Artwork Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesForged Artwork Since the beginning of its existence, art collecting has been a rather dangerous endeavor. Artwork fakes and even stolen art have been documented since the days of ancient Rome. Even then, the Romans often sought classical Greek artwork and sculptures, and more often than not, works purchased were by Roman artists trying to imitate classic Greek works (Kaufman 36). Today, modern day forgers are still trying to fool art enthusiasts and are becoming increasingly sophisticated inRead MoreArt Forgery886 Words   |  4 PagesForgery is a normal aspect of the art world. This topic is about the skill involved in producing true forgeries within the world of art. It is stressed that the forger is to be seen as an artist, in that he or she must sometimes enter the mind of the original artist, master his or her techniques, and otherwise execute works that can withstand the expert eye. There are many ways that people will do in order to make a fast buck without thinking about the techniques that are done to detect forgeryRead MoreEssay on Progression of the Kouroi1333 Words   |  6 PagesProgression of the Kouroi What is a kouros? In Greek, kouros means a young man. In art, a kouros is a statue of a young nude male who stands with his hands at his sides and one leg, usually his left, advanced. Throughout the Archaic period, which dates from 610 B.C. to 480 B.C., the basic pose of kouroi (plural for kouros) remained the same, though the anatomy of the figures gradually became more naturalistic or true to life. The ideology that the Greek sculptors wanted to achieve greaterRead MoreImage Tampering Essay1098 Words   |  5 Pagesphotograph as the source, it uses the portion of the unique base photograph as its supply. Therefore, the source and the destination of the modified image originate from the same image. Photoshop Clone Stamp Tool can be used to reap such sort of forgery. Blurring is usually carried out alongside the border of the changed region to reduce the impact of irregularities among the unique and pasted place. The 2nd kind of IT strategies is referred to as Image-Splicing, that is a technique that entailsRead MoreThe Man in the High Castle: Criticisms of Reality and Dictatorship1322 Words   |  6 Pagesmemorabilia. In this way, a large market for forgeries has emerged, and Fink works creating replicas in this large secret industry. His struggle as an undetected Jew of low class parallels his occupation in an industry of deception. â€Å"No one could possibly estimate the percentage of forgeries in circulation. And no one – especially the dealers – wanted to. †¦ The fakes would undermine the value of the real. It was fine until questioned† (pg. 48). In this way, the fake antiquity industry is a reflectionRead MoreThe Man in the High Castle: Criticisms of Reality and Dictatorship by Philip K. Dick1296 Words   |  6 Pagesmemorabilia. In this way, a large market for forgeries has emerged, and Fink works creating replicas in this large secret industry. His struggle as an undetected Jew of low class parallels his occupation in an industry of deception. â€Å"No one could possibly estimate the percentage of forgeries in circulation. And no one – especially the dealers – wanted to. †¦ The fakes would undermine the value of the real. It was fine until questioned† (pg. 48). In this way, the fake antiquity industry is a reflectionRead MoreEssay on Robert Elliots Faking Nature3130 Words   |  13 Pageswas akin to art forgery. Just as a copied art work could not reproduce the value of the original, restored nature could not reproduce the value of nature. I reject Elliots art forgery analogy, and argue that his paper provides grounds for distinguishing between two forms of restoration that must be given separate normative consideration: (1) malicious restorations, those undertaken as a means of justifying harm to nature, and (2) benevolent restorations, or, those which are akin to art restorationsRead MoreEssay about Rich Rollin657 Words   |  3 PagesWritten Assignment Art Theft There are several agencies around the world working to curtail art theft and recover stolen works. The assignment will require you to explore several website to learn more about their efforts, examine one case of art theft and identify why art is so valuable. Prepare a five paragraph essay citing at least two sources. Explore the following websites and become familiar with the efforts being made to stop art theft internationally. Discuss what each sites has to offersRead MoreArt History: Mask of Agamemnon1769 Words   |  8 PagesANCIENT ART 200 Was the Mask Of Agamemnon Edited by Schliemann and his Workers? 5/14/2011 Sandra.Baah | Schliemann was a German archeologist who excavated the shaft graves of Mycenae. He found a mask which has been claimed to be the mask of Agamemnon. This has brought up endless debates about the authenticity of the mask. The mask is said to be one of Schliemanns forgeries. Some scholars claim the mask is too new or does not have any qualities that prove that it is Mycenaean. It is difficult toRead MoreA Lecture On Chatterton, Oscar Wilde s Career738 Words   |  3 Pagesclose attention to Chatterton enabled Wilde to understand that the astonishing inventiveness of the Rowley forgeries evinced the imaginative impulse that inspired the finest forms of imaginative literature. Exploiting the links between imagination, authenticity, and truth, Chatterton’s artistic originality arose in fabrications that conjured a literary past that historically never existed. Such fakes, Wilde knew from his reading about Chatterton, might strike some interpreters as the result of ungovernable

Ethnic Group Conflict The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Social perception is powerfully mediated by cultural conformity, especially when it concerns religious beliefs. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict demonstrates this concept vividly. Both sides harbor antagonistic social perceptions against each other. Only by changing these perceptions can a reconciliation be reached. The opposing views result in a biased lens, which only serves to uphold the traditionally held generalities each culture has of the other. Even though religion is a primary theme in the conflict between these two groups, it may only be the bridge that transcends all the differences of the two ethnic groups. The concept of peace building may help to change perceptions and cultivate positive interactions when it emphasizes†¦show more content†¦These two ethnic group engage in war with each other because of long-held stereotypical beliefs about each other which is the result of a biased perspective. For example, the Israeli people believe that the Palestinian s are using peace seeking strategies as a temporary scheme, and that their true objective is to conquer and control Palestine. On the other hand, many of the Palestinians perceive that Israel does not wish to achieve a peaceful resolution with Israeli citizens, but instead desires to remain in control of the land between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. It is challenging to understand the precise demands of either side of this conflict because of the differing interpretations and opinions. However, there are many people on each side who disagree with the political issues of these warring groups. Social psychologists Fritz Heider formed the balance theory, in which he states that people look for consistency among their attitudes (Shiraev Levy, 2010). In other words, a person feels balanced if he or she and a person he or she likes agree on a topic, or if he or she and a person he or she dislikes disagrees on a topic (Shiraev Levy, 2010). According to Heider (1959), individuals often overrate the positive attributes of those they like and undervalue positive attributes in those they dislike. People also tend to emphasize the negative attributes of those peopleShow MoreRelatedEssay about Ethnic Conflict in the Middle East1665 Words   |  7 PagesEthnic Conflict in the Middle East Ethnic conflicts are well rooted in the worlds history and perhaps inherent in human nature. This type of conflict is difficult to resolve as is evident in the situation in the Middle East. The ethnic conflict theory explains that it is not territory, politics, or economics that prevents the achievement of peace between the Israeli and Palestinian peoples, instead, it is a deep-seated hatred of one another that neither group can overcome. TheRead MoreIsrael And Palestine Conflict Between Judaism And Islam1568 Words   |  7 PagesIsrael and Palestine The conflict between the Palestinians and the Israelis is largely a religious conflict. Even though religion, ethnicity, territory, and politics are inextricably interwoven, the conflict is largely fueled and driven on by the religious rift between Judaism and Islam. Without the religious component of a Jewish state and the religious identity of the Palestinians clashing against one another, perhaps the conflict would still have emerged out of territorial or nationalistic disputesRead MorePeace : A Power Sharing Approach1091 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough one state between the Jordan River and Mediterranean Sea is the de facto situation (Mearsheimer 144), Palestinians are deprived of basic rights, including freedom of movement and political rights. The elongated peace process has been used as a stalling tactic to build Israeli settlements in the occupied territories, displacing an increasing number of Palestinians. Islamic groups discourage peace talks or any notion of the normaliza tion of relations with Israel (Haass 57). A successful negotiationRead MoreYear Land Size West Bank Share Essay1011 Words   |  5 Pages(World Fact-Book, 2001). Israeli governments have supported settlers in various ways, including providing them land, cheap mortgages, tax reductions, grants, subsidies and employment and deplying IDF to guard settlements. In per capita terms, the government has invested more in the settlements than in Israel propers. In the 1990s for example, 5.3 m of road per person were paved in Israel proper. compared with 17.2 m in the territories. One of the core demands of the Palestinian negotiators at Oslo andRead MoreIs Israel’s Very Survival Dependent on the Creation of a Stable and Viable Palestinian State?748 Words   |  3 Pagesdependent on the creation of a stable and viable Palestinian state? Let us have ambitions; ambitions to move beyond the violence and occupation, to the day when two states, Palestine and Israel, can live together side by side in peace and security. ~King Abdullah II. In the country of Israel there are two conflicting ethnic/religious groups, the Israelis and the Palestinians. Israelis have most of the power, and run the actual state of Israel, whereas Palestinians have only inconsequential amounts of authorityRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Arab Israeli Conflict1420 Words   |  6 PagesArab-Israeli conflict; all of which seek to discern the culprit and contrive a remedy. The story behind this age old conflict is, as quoted by Israeli historian Illan Pappe, â€Å"the simple but horrific story of the ethnic cleansing of Palestine† (qtd. In â€Å"The Catastrophe†). As such, thorough review of the causes behind this ethnocentric conflict is vital in understanding the tumultuous power struggle in Israel and the violent instability of the reg ion as a whole. While many believe the conflict is ofRead MoreConflicting Narratives Of The Israeli Palestinian Conflict1737 Words   |  7 PagesConflicting narratives in the Israeli Palestinian conflict Any reference to conflict turns history into a reservoir of blame. In the presence of conflict, narratives differ and multiply to delegitimize the opponent and to justify one’s own action. Narratives shape social knowledge. The Israeli Palestinian conflict, both Jews and Muslims, view the importance of holding the territories through religious, ideological, and security lenses, based on belief that Palestine was given by divine providenceRead MoreThe Struggle For Land And Palestine : What s The Problems Ahead?1698 Words   |  7 PagesPalestine: What’s the Problems Ahead? Abstract The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a continuing conflict, which is a part of Arab-Israel conflict and the Middle East war. This paper mainly explores the conflicts which caused the struggle for land in Israel and Palestine. Why Is It So Hard to Stop Struggling For Land? The land struggle between Israel and Palestine have never ended for almost a century. Today, though there are a lot of agreements, the conflicts and the possibility of the war are still existentRead MoreIsrael Is A Small Democracy At The Eastern End Of The Mediterranean1349 Words   |  6 Pagespersons speaking the Arabic language. By this definition, there are about 250 million Arabs worldwide, most found in the group of countries occupying North Africa and the western part of the Middle East. Most Arabs are Muslims, but a significant minority (about 10 percent) in the Arab Middle East are Christians, and some are secular (profess no religion). Most Israelis and many non-Israeli Jews, as well as other supporters of Israel worldwide, see Israel as a refuge for Jews made necessary by the HolocaustRead MoreThe Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesIsrael successfully fought off the pan-Arab army while other Israeli combatants terrorized and depopulated the countryside. Ilan Pappe termed the depopulation of Palestinians as â€Å"ethnic cleansing† but can this phrase be properly used when discussing the events of 1947-1948? To answer this question one must determine if there is a well-established definition of the phrase ‘ethnic cleansing’ and also establish that this was the intent of the Zionists, both initially and subsequently. This can be

Mustafa Establish The Republic Of Turkey - 1467 Words

1. Mustafa Kemal helped establish the Republic of Turkey and became its first president. Born in the Ottoman Empire, he dethroned Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the Young Turk Revolution in 1908. Soon after, he rose up the ranks in the Ottoman military; he fought in the Italo-Turkish War in 1911, in the Balkan Wars from 1912 to 1913, and in the Great War from 1915 to 1918. He became well-known after the strong resistance in Dardanelles against the Allies. After the Treaty of Sevres, the Allies took control of vital forts near the waterways; this would endanger the security of the country. In 1919, Mustafa Kemal organized resistance against those forces, especially the Greek. In 1923, The Treaty of Lausanne was signed, and the Republic of Turkey was established, with Mustafa Kemal as its first president. During his presidency, he strived to keep Turkey neutral in global affairs, and modernize the country, socially and industrially. When last names were introduced to Turkey, he adopted the last name, â€Å"Ataturk,† meaning â€Å"Father of the Turks,† soon after. 2. Enver Pasha was greatly responsible for the Ottoman participation in the Great War, and the numerous Armenian deaths in the forced deportation. Training in Germany at a young age, he was fascinated by the German military system, and tried to reform Ottoman military lines in a more German way. He organized the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the defense of Libya against Italy in 1911, and the recapture of Edirne in 1913. He heldShow MoreRelatedThe Historical Foundations Of The Norwegian Constitution855 Words   |  4 Pageshistory, the Republic of Turkey is a fairly young nation, established in October of 1923 (TCF, 2015). Little remains of historical ties to the Ottoman Republic, however, it’s fall during the first World War gave way to the post war Turkish National Liberation Movement, led by Mustafa Kernal. Kernel was later named Mustafa Atatà ¼rk, or father of the Turks. Page 12 of 36 Atatà ¼rk’s achievements include the signing of Lausanne Peace Treaty, with most notably Britain, Greece and France. It was Mustafa Atatà ¼rk’sRead MoreA Free Democratic Environment : The Farmer s Wife By Mustafa Kemal Ataturk2013 Words   |  9 PagesEligible for Education? Negative! Is that ethical? Are those â€Å"rights† considered to be women rights? Would this occur in a free democratic environment? Definitely not! Mustafa Kemal Atatà ¼rk did not accept this old fashioned Islamic mindset, which was still dictated by the Ottoman Empire. He had the idea to lead Turkey into a democratic, independent future, because he was a visionary and ethical leader he took action. Visionary Leader The MP1 reflects his visions, why he wanted to rebuildRead MoreEssay about Ghandi Vs. Kemal668 Words   |  3 Pages Compare and contrast Mustafa Kemal with Mohandas Gandhi, explain their similarities and differences. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In 1918, the Ottoman Turks were already independent, and consequently the allies (the United States, Great Britain, and France) wanted to make them pay. They were going to divide the Turkish territory among themselves. These were the conditions in Turkey at the time. The Turks’ feelings about being split up between the allies and the Greeks were very simple. ObviouslyRead MoreTurkish Reform Under Mustafa â€Å"Ataturk† Kemal: a Review on the Six Arrows of Kemalism3001 Words   |  13 PagesTurkish Reform Under Mustafa â€Å"Ataturk† Kemal: A Review on the Six Arrows of Kemalism In the aftermath of World War I, the once great Ottoman Empire was left in shambles. After having lost almost all of the empire’s territory to European mandates in 1918, what little they had left became occupied by Allied troops. In order to return the Turkish people to their former glory, the Turkish War for Independence was fought, resulting in the creation of a new government in Ankara. By 1923, this governmentRead MoreAnalysis of Politics in The Republic of Turkey 822 Words   |  3 Pagesof Independence and studies the parliaments of the Republic of Turkey from 1923 to 1946, roughly the time known as the single party period when the political power was monopolized by the Republican People’s Party (CHP – Cumhuriyet Halk FÄ ±rkasÄ ±/Partisi). In his former research Demirel had given a large place to political disputes in the Turkish parliament by highlighting the actions of the fraction opposed to the group under the guidance of Mustafa Kemal (Atatà ¼r k). The scope of his research has changedRead MoreEssay on Turkeys Internal Conflict and the Kurdish Minority995 Words   |  4 Pagesof Turks. This issue has been with Turkey almost since the foundation of the Turkish State in 1923. The Kurds were promised the creation of an independent state as part of the treaty of Sevres in 1920 but this part of the treaty was never ratified and Turkey has refused to recognize the existence of a separate Kurdish ethnic community within its borders. Even so, Half of Turkeys Kurds have moved from the south east to the western cities of Turkey and have increasingly become integratedRead MoreThe Government s Freedom Of Press974 Words   |  4 PagesSince the Turkish state was founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatà ¼rk in 1923, the press in Turkey has never been free. The first government was ruled by the Atatà ¼rk’s party, the Republican People’s Party (CHP), which claimed to be liberal and modernist; however, they made a law which could shut down and /or censor any newspapers which they did not like. (Bulut, 2015). During the CHP era, 130 newspapers and magazines were banned. Although many parties’ names have changed throughout the years, the rulingRead MoreModernization Process in Turkey Afghanistan †¢ Introduction: Modernization theory is a1500 Words   |  6 PagesModernization Process in Turkey Afghanistan †¢ Introduction: Modernization theory is a unilinear process in which stated that every society goes through the same process of modernization (Smelser, 1988, p.2). The idea of modernization came in Turkey while Mustafa Kemal Atatà ¼rk came into power after the world war one by defeating Ottoman Empire through Young Turks. Ottoman Empire was ruling Turkey for more than five decades; at first they were ruling Turkey through absolute monarchy latter theyRead More History of Turkish Occupation of Northern Kurdistan Essay4038 Words   |  17 Pagesthe forefront of the international news scene. That state is the Republic of Turkey and its primary troubles stem from the past seven decades of acrimonious policies directed at the indigenous ethnic Kurds. The main problem, now, is the Kurdish popular insurgency on its hands, in Turkish occupied Northern Kurdistan. The Kurdish question has long been covered up and denied by the state of Turkey, but recent events has forced Turkey to concede that it has a serious Kurdish insurgency on its handsRead MoreDemocracy in Iran and Turkey Essays2319 Words   |  10 Pages Comparison and Contrast between the Evolution of Democracy in Iran and Turkey, from 1900 to the Present. Name: Institution: Date: Please write on top of each of your exams its exact title as its appear below, making sure your answers are itemized (i.e., answer the points ONE BY ONE, and not combine them).  ITEMIZE YOUR ANSWERS   Mid Term Exam Compare and contrast the evolution of democracy in Iran and Turkey, from 1900 to present.  In process of writing your exam, you must provide the following

Audit - Assurance Functions - and Standards of Decision Making

Question: Discuss about the Audit, Assurance Functions, and Standards of Decision Making. Answer: Introduction This report has different audit, assurance functions, and standards of decision making. Financial statements of client are prepared with the help of Auditing and assurance where auditors undergo audit process, give their opinion. Auditors are expected be neutral and express their opinion regarding financial Statements. The report shows the responsibility of auditors to third party. To make clear the liabilities of auditors towards third parties case analysis are done. In Second section, 4 cases with different aspects of auditors roles and responsibility are analyzed and suggestion regarding same is provided. In following situations or miss-conduct by auditors, they can be held liable by business entity who has appointed them or client: Breach of contract while performing audit work or audit procedure can lead towards liability of auditor to business entity or client If auditor has allegation of professional negligence or professional misconduct by the business entity or client. Negligence of Statutory duties (duties which are stated by statue for the auditors to performed while conducting audit of the business entity or client) If the business organization or client suffers losses on relying on the audited financial statements or audit report, then auditors can be held liable by the client only. The auditors is liable to contractually extend to client only and further extended to outsiders or third party (Carey et al., 2014). The auditor can be held liable by the third party for negligence of their duties and professional misconduct. Following are the conditions under which only the auditor could be held liable by third party. If the client access the financial statement prepared by the auditor and put reliance on it. Second condition is, if the third party has the actual knowledge of limited class and use and relies on audited financial statements in decision making process. Last condition is; when auditors actually know that the group of stakeholders or one of them will use such audited financial statements and same has been provided in written form to auditors (Carson et al., 2014). On the basis of above provision of auditing standards followings questions or situations will be answered: Would King and Queen be liable to EFL? From the above provisions or laws related to auditors liability towards client and towards third party. It can be concluded that King and Queen Auditor of Impulse Pty ltd can be liable towards allegation of Impulse Pty ltd only and not towards any third party. As per the standards on auditing, professional negligence can be questioned by client (Impulse Pty ltd) only if they has suffered any loss by putting reliance on audit report or audited financial statements. But any third party putting reliance and taking decisions on the basis of audited financial statements or audit report cannot be sue auditors (Saha and Roy2015). Same standards can be applied in the present case and it can be concluded that Easy Finance Limited cannot take action against King and Queen. If EFL had written to King Queen advising you that they intended to make a loan to Impulse and were relying on the 2012 audited financial report to assist them in making their decision? In this situation, it can be observed that Easy Finance Limited has provided prior written notice to King and Queen that they will be using your audit report in their decision making process regarding lending loan to Impulse Pty Ltd. This situation fulfils the last condition as stated in above provision and on this basis Easy Finance Limited can take legal actions against King and Queen (Funnell et al., 2016). Define actual and perceived independence, and explain the importance of each. Actual Independence- Actual independence can be defined as the independence under which auditor has provided written consent that he / she is free from any biasness or interest in company. Importance of such independence is that; outsiders or third party can rely on audit reports and can take decisions on the basis of audit report (Leung et al., 2015). Perceived Independence- Perceived independence is the independence where auditor is assumed to be independent but in actual sense he / she are not independent. List any professional standards and regulatory requirements breached and discuss possible alternative courses of action In this case, confidentially in terms of use of clients financial information has been attracted as breach of professional standards and regulatory requirement. In this case, Bob has used financial information of client without taking permission of client; therefore this is the case of breach of confidentiality (Wines, 2012). Alternate course of action could be; Bob shall asked to client in writing to use financial information apart from audit work then this would not attract confidentiality breach. In this case, working capacity of auditor has been breached which means auditor has to act in auditors capacity of the business entity and snot in any other capacity. In this case, Wendy has acted in dual capacity i.e. auditor and as company secretaries also. In this case, independence of auditor also breached as Wendy is also involved in internal matters as company secretaries of company (Tepalagul and Lin, 2015). Alternate course of action could be; if Wendy can resign from the post of auditor then she can be company secretaries or vice-versa. In this case, audit work of testing internal control system in term of cash payment system has been handed to Leo who is son of foremen, employed by client. Therefore independence of auditor will be hampered. Alternate course of action could be; not to give testing of cash payment system work to Leo but some other work which does not involve cash or other importance assets of the business organisation. This is the case where auditor of company will become shareholder in exchange of their audit fees. In this case, since auditor (Chan Associates) becomes shareholders of $ 1000 then interest of auditor will be sin business organisation. Therefore in this case, independence of auditor will be getting hampered and auditor will not able act as auditor from then (Hohenfels, 2016). Alternate course of action can be; not to accept shares in the clients company. Conclusion To conclude, auditor should be free from biasness, integration shall be followed. Auditors should be independent to express their opinion on the financial statements of the client. Auditors liabilities are not limited, in fact, fulfilling certain conditions they can be held liable for negligence of their duties. Only if there is a written contract between the two auditors can be held liable for misstatement and negligence. Prime necessity of conducting audit is Auditors independence which should be maintained. Clients information should be kept confidential and not misused by auditor. References Carey, P. J., Monroe, G. S., Shailer, G. (2014). Review of Post?CLERP 9 australian auditor independence research.Australian Accounting Review,24(4), 370-380. doi:10.1111/auar.12047 Carson, E., Redmayne, N. B., Liao, L. (2014). Audit market structure and competition in australia.Australian Accounting Review,24(4), 298-312. doi:10.1111/auar.12041 Funnell, W., Wade, M., Jupe, R. (2016). Stakeholder perceptions of performance audit credibility.Accounting and Business Research,46(6), 601-619. doi:10.1080/00014788.2016.1157680 Hohenfels, D. (2016). Auditor tenure and perceived earnings quality.International Journal of Auditing,20(3), 224-238. doi:10.1111/ijau.12069 Leung, P., Coram, P., Cooper, B. J., Richardson, P. (2015).Modern auditing assurance services(6th ed.). Milton, Qld: John Wiley and Sons Australia. Saha, S. S., Roy, M. N. (2015). Statutory auditors' independence in the backdrop of corporate corruption: Select case studies.Indian Journal of Corporate Governance,8(1), 84-102. doi:10.1177/0974686215574433 Tepalagul, N., Lin, L. (2015). Auditor independence and audit quality: A literature review.Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance,30(1), 101-121. doi:10.1177/0148558X14544505 Wines, G. (2012). Auditor independence.Managerial Auditing Journal,27(1), 5-40. doi:10.1108/02686901211186081