First mover, last mover free essay sample

The first mover theory refers to the competitive advantage a company earns by being the first to enter a specific market or industry. With this movement comes advantages and disadvantages. An advantage of being a first mover is the technological advantage through sustainable leadership in technology. If the firm is the first one to introduce the technology, it reaps the benefits of selling those products to consumers. It also leads the way with research and development and obtaining patents for its products. This advantage can also create barriers to entry, as few firms can compete profitably. A first mover may also be able to obtain scarce assets. The first mover gains control of the assets that already exist. If the firm has superior information, it may be able to purchase assets at market prices below those that come later in the evolution of the market. Again, the acquisition of scarce resources may limit the number of firms that can compete in the market. We will write a custom essay sample on First mover, last mover or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Being a first mover means paying less buyer switching costs that may arise from new suppliers, new software or computers, and training employees for new protocol or software. Late entrants have to pay more for these switching costs. Switching costs typically enhance the value of market share obtained early in the evolution of a new market. With being a first mover, a company does not have to compete with as many established products as a last mover. Being early into a market means that competition is not as fierce and the company can set industry standards and gain market share easier than if it was competing with firms already established in the industry. No brand reputation has been formed yet as well. With being a first mover come disadvantages as well. One of these disadvantages is late movers being ‘free-riders’ on the first movers investments in areas such as research and development and other areas. Late movers can also exploit employee screening and tap into skilled labor at a lower cost because the first movers have given the employees experience and  training. In a market with considerable uncertainty, being a late mover means some of the uncertainty is relinquished before the firm enters the market. The automobile and aircraft markets are examples of this. Late movers can jump into the market once it has been established and know that there is little uncertainty that it is going to be a profitable industry. Once uncertainty is resolved, competition shifts to price, so those with low manufacturing costs have a competitive advantage. Being a first mover means new technology is brought to consumers earlier, but late movers can exploit technological discontinuities to displace incumbents. It may be difficult for first movers to see that last movers are displacing their technology as the new technology appears while the old technology is still growing. The late movers can basically take advantage of the early technology and make improvements on it. Finally, a disadvantage of being a first mover is incumbent inertia. This means that the first mover firms may be locked in to fixed assets, may be reluctant to get rid of existing product lines, or be organizationally inflexible. Firms may want to ‘harvest’ sunk costs such as buildings or marketing channels, instead of drastically changing itself to adapt to the market. Being a last mover means entering a market after it has been established by the first movers. There are advantages and disadvantages to being a last mover that are directly related to the advantages and disadvantages of a first mover. Firstly, being a last mover means the company knows how the product has been perceived and knows that the uncertainty of the market has been eliminated. Research and development costs will be less because the first movers have done extensive research to produce products. The last movers can piggy-back off this RD make improvements to the products already established. Last movers can take advantage of trained personnel from first movers. The first movers can train employees and give them experience, and then the last movers can come in and take them away, utilizing their skills. They may have to pay a higher salary to pull them away from the first mover, but they will save money on training. Finally, being a last mover means switching costs are lower. This is related to the idea that the market is already established. Since last movers can see where the market is headed, it can invest in these assets instead of switching old assets over to the new assets. This will ultimately save the company extensively. There are disadvantages to being a last mover as well. One of these disadvantages is possibly missing a opportunity to enter a market altogether. The market may disappear altogether before the firm can really establish itself. Assets that were used to enter the market will be obsolete. Another disadvantage is less potential customers because the market is flooded with first and last movers. Other companies may have the same idea to enter the market late, and with all the different companies competing in the same market, this may cause too many similar products to be on the market. This can lead to companies not being able to differentiate themselves. Last movers may not be able to keep up with technological advancements because they have not been established very long. Their RD departments need time to make technological improvements and since they are not in the market for long, may fall behind the first movers in this area. A final disadvantage of last movers is being labeled a â€Å"copycat† or â€Å"imitator.† When a late mover enters the market, since they are competing with established products, consumers may think they are just copying their ideas and turn away from their products. It is imperative that the new products established differences so that consumers see that there is a  benefit to choosing the new product. There are several examples of firms that are first movers that have been successful and unsuccessful. The obvious first mover example is Apple, which introduced products such as the iPad and iPhone. Other examples are IBM, which introduced the first 16 bit personal computer, GM in the car industry, and Yahoo, the first online search site. There are also examples of unsuccessful late movers. An example is AOL, which led the way with dial-up internet but later was replaced with DSL and cable internet. Other examples are Napster, which ran into legal issues, Motorola, and Wal-Mart as a low cost products provider. Some examples are last mover firms that have been successful are Facebook as a social media site, Home Depot for home improvement products, Netflix for online movies, and Samsung in the phone industry. All these firms entered their respective industries late but have established a competitive advantage that makes them viable in each industry.

Hcs 405 Healthcare Financial Accouting Essays

Hcs 405 Healthcare Financial Accouting Essays Hcs 405 Healthcare Financial Accouting Essay Hcs 405 Healthcare Financial Accouting Essay In the United States, organizations are financially accessible because of many years of financing cuts, reductions in Medicare payments imposed by Balanced Act of 1997, decreases in Medicaid reimbursements, and the lowering stresses of controlled care (University of Phoenix, 2013). Organizations and other health care facilities should organize cautiously when the situation comes to financing choices, service agreements, type of equipment, physician favorites, and locating to assist in making the best decisions.According to several published and quoted surveys, organizations are postponing or eliminating equipment investments in short-term (Barlow, 2009). Leasing is a substitution to another means of financing. When an organization is deciding when to lease or purchase, the team will decide by how much cash they own from their current funds. If the organization does not have the funds to purchase equipment, then the organization will borrow money to purchase the equipment. Service agreements are contracts to examine or repair the equipment and can be made part of a lease settlement.Whether the equipment is leased or bought, a service agreement will be indicated as an expense and does not need to be used for comparison between leasing and purchasing (Baker amp; Baker, 2011). Elijah Heart Center is a 120,000 square foot hospital to manage, and function as a coronary care unit for up to 140-beds in New York. The finance department has reported that Elijah Heart Center is facing a potential working capital shortfall because of discounts given to manage care companies, decreased in Medicare reimbursements, increase in present liabilities, unused equipment placed in patient’s room, and obtain the workflow of contract nurses.Elijah Heart Center will receive 2,300,000 from Medicare and other administered care organizations within three months but is required to set a cost saving target of 900,000 for the first year (University of Phoenix, 2013). The cost cutting options for Elijah are downsizing staff, cutting benefits, reducing agency staff, decreasing length of stay, and modifying the skill mix. Downsizing staff and cutting their benefits greatly would impact the quality of care and potentially would cause staff to obtain excessive amount of overtime. Reducing a patient’s length of stay would not affect the annual savings for the organization.Reducing high waged agency staff would increase the savings by 2,043,683 and changing the skill mix would increase the savings by 1,471,452 (University of Phoenix, 2013). Reducing the agency staff will increase savings because the organization will save on the premiums and management fees. Over a period of time, changing the skill mix will allow employees to assist with easy task and others personal to focus on their necessary tasks. Option one loan was the best choice for maintain beneficial cash flow because there was not a prepayment limitation.Therefore, the organization could pay the loan off within three months from the payments from Medicare and managed care organizations (University of Phoenix, 2013). Elijah Heart Center needs to choose to buy or refurbish radiology equipment because the patient volumes are increasing and equipment is aging. The useful life of a CT scanner is considered to last for approximately 10 years. An x-ray machine useful life is 15 years with a low change of technological advancements. An ultrasound system is considered to last five years, but with a high continuing advancement of technology (University of Phoenix, 2013).The best loan choice for the high-speed CT scanner is the refurbish loan because they can use the CT scanner for to the end of the useful life and then upgrade. An operating lease will have to pay for an upgrade fee after three years (University of Phoenix, 2013). Purchasing health care equipment indicates acquiring the title or undertaking ownership of the product, which is documented on an organization’s balance sheet. The organization could purchase the equipment by disbursing cash from the company’s money funds, or the organization could finance the entire or a portion of the purchase.When financing happens, the resultant obligation is documented on the organiza tion’s balance sheet (Baker amp; Baker, 2011). The best loan choice for the x-ray machine is a capital lease because the payment of present value is higher compared to taking an operating lease or buying refurbished equipment. The capital lease option does not cover the care of technology advancements but the useful life is 15 years and with the bargain price of the x-ray machine is the best option (University of Phoenix, 2013). The organization could lease to purchase, which is an agreement to contract o purchase. The equipment is still documented on the balance sheet as an asset with a corresponding liability is called capitalizing (Baker, amp; Baker, 2011). The best loan choice for the ultrasound machine is the operating lease, because it has lower upfront payment and lower monthly installments. With the operating lease, the organization will confirm on receiving the newest technology (University of Phoenix, 2013). An operating lease is counted as an operating expenditure that will be indicated as a cost, but is not capitalized or documented on the balance sheet.An operating lease is considered as a cost of present operations, whereas a financial lease is considered as an asset and an obligation. The operating lease develops into an operating expense by a payment that is made within that time interval (Baker, amp; Baker, 2011). Elijah Heart Center is need of a $75 million expansion and advancement project with the increasing number of patients. The organization will house five open-hear operating rooms, twenty critical cardiac patient rooms, and seven cardiac catheterization labs, along with the newest cardiac technology.After considering the net present value, collateral requirements, cost for funding, and prepayment limitations, the best funding option for the four-year planned expansion is the HUD 242 loan insurance program. The HUD 242 loan insurance program qualifies hospitals to have their debt financed as an investment category, which arranges the lowest borrowing prices available. An advantage of this bond is that they are capable to be redeemed after eight years, so the organization could purchase the bonds again and redistribute the debt at a lower price (University of Phoenix, 2013).In conclusion, understanding the difference between purchasing new equipment, purchasing refurbish equipment, and leasing equipment is an intelligent financial requirement. Always, considering the impact of the financial decisions will affect the organization’s cash flow and balance sheet. Deciding on the most cost-effective loan depends on the interest rate, prepayment limitations, net present value, and the usefulness of life. Knowledge and comprehending the terms of agreement will assist in future, strategic investments within an organization.These financial accounting concepts are essential for implementing the tactics to succeed operative organization outcomes. References Baker, J. J. , amp; Baker, R. W. (2011). Health care fi nance: Basic tools for nonfinancial managers (3rd ed. ). Jones amp; Bartlett. Barlow, R. (2009). Effective equipment planning begins in the basement. . Healthcare Purchasing News, 33(9), 50-52. University of Phoenix. (2013). Analyzing Financial Indicators for Decision Making [Multimedia]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, HCS 405 Health Care Financial Accounting website.

Bacterium Capsule Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bacterium Capsule - Research Proposal Example It is a layer that lies outside the cell wall of bacteria, it is well organized and it is not easily washed off. This makes it diffuse through the tracheal system. Its slime layer diffuses into the surrounding medium as a loosen-demarcated secretion. The capsule usually consists of polysaccharides and is water soluble thus dissolves in the moisturize tracheae through the spiracles. Thus they are difficult to stain using standard stains as they do not adhere to the capsule (Chapman, 2004). Since the capsule remains pale and colorless, it is difficult to be detected and appears as a ring around the cell. The tracheae are water filled as they consist of a permeable membrane of the surrounding tissues which make the capsule soluble since it is water soluble. The water level, however, retracts due to the increase in the concentration of lactic acid found in the muscle cells during the respiration system. The capsule contains external chemical sensors which therefore detects the concentration of lactic acid, lowering the water potential in the system which is then drawn back into the cells through osmosis process while the capsule gets closer to the muscle cells. While the diffusion pathway is reduced as a result, the capsule can then be transferred more easily through the tracheal. The bacterium capsule is typically stimulated for easy movement throughout the system. The neurosecretory cells made in the cell body consist of the prothoracic gland which acts as circulatory s ystem storage gland and hormonal control of insect molting (Ulrich, 2009).

Appeal admission letter to ucsd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Appeal admission letter to ucsd - Essay Example I play tennis in the Tennis Junior Varsity Team. I play the saxophone in the Marching Band and the violin in the Orchestra. As you will have noticed, I am not only a dedicated and responsible person in my academic work, but I am also a musician, an athlete, involved in community work, and I am environmentally versed and active. This is the reason why I am applying to UCSD. Having an Environmental Science major, a Marching Band, an Orchestra, and tennis teams will give me the opportunity to continue to excel in those areas that I am already active in and it will help me to achieve my goals and objectives by being part of your campus. I am a studious person. I start and finish tasks before or on their due dates. I work independently and as a team member. I have assumed leadership roles. I am multi-tasks disciplined and I am successful being involved in all of my tasks. I would like to be involved in assisting your faculty that is conducting research in any of these areas: global warming; shortage of power; and/or, environmental pollution. I hope that the University of California in San Diego sees in me as a successful student that will fulfill his/her (identify your gender) baccalaureate. I hope that you give me the opportunity to become part of your alumni association as my

Multinational competitin and Corporate Social Responsibility analysis Essay - 1

Multinational competitin and Corporate Social Responsibility analysis of Burberry - Essay Example The design, development, production and selling of the products of the company are all based in United Kingdom. However, the fabric and other material for the manufacturing of the products are done on the company own facilities in United Kingdom (Burberry, 2015a; Reuters, 2015). At present the international, apparel, accessories market and market for luxury goods have shown a low growth from the 2007 to the year 200, but from the year 2010 the entire market has witnessed some acceleration and reached up to moderate growth and predictions said that the market is expected to be stable by the end of 2016. The total revenue of the apparel, accessories and luxury goods global market is expected around 1,778.5 billion for the year 2011. The figures represent a 3% CAGR (compound annual growth rate). The report also revealed that the sale of the apparels is the most lucrative one in the global market of apparel, accessories and luxury goods in the year 2011 and it has captured the 66.1% of the overall value of the market in terms of revenue. In this perspective, the market performance is forecasted to accelerate in coming five years with an expected compound annual growth rate of 3.9% and with such percentage the market value is driven to reach the level of 2155.1 billion by the end of the year 2016. When it comes to Burberry, the focus of the company is towards several different segments in the population but the theme of the company is same that is, it is inclined toward functional luxury. Burberry foes not only serve to the young and adults but also the company has good range luxurious products for kids. At present the main focus of the company is three main regions. The Asia Pacific region represent the 39% of wholesale and retail revenue, the European, African and Middle Eastern region along with India (EMEIA) hold 36% of the revenues where as the contribution of America is 25% in the total revenue of Burberry

Is Free Trade Possible?

Is Free Trade Possible? Tom Hobson ‘Free trade is neither possible nor desirable.’ Do you agree with this Statement? Roger Scruton makes the claim free trade is neither possible nor desirable in A Political Philosophy and takes a conservative political viewpoint in defence of national sovereignty (2006). Taking the statement within the realm of international political economy it draws in the debate of the role of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in advancing free trade as its aim, the economic debate between those who advocate free trade from Adam Smith and David Ricardo and their modern advocates and those who oppose it including Joseph Stiglitz and an analysis of the power relations that entail in free trade negotiations as well as the consequences answering first whether it is possible and secondly its degree of desirability. Free trade in a majority of production areas and scenarios is possible but its desirability is the key debate, the domestic consequences for both developing and developed states can distort national economies in a globalised world. It is a complex issue that is largely ap proached through the WTO. Free trade has an impact on developmentalism for industrialising countries and is connected to hegemonic theories of world governance to uphold the system. Free trade is a possible concept for a globalised world but it is largely undesirable when considering the human impact of market forces. Krasner argues that a hegemon is required for a global system of free trade to be viable, the essential principle is that the distribution of power amongst states dictates the international economic system. He highlighted the role of Britain during the 19th century and the US post World War One and marked the decline in power of the US up to the 1970s being the precursor to the end of a liberal international free trade system. According to Krasner only an open hegemon has the sufficient power to provide the public goods and any other system is inherently unstable (Krasner Webb, 1989, pp.183-184). But in the contemporary international political economy with the rise of China economically and militarily alongside the supremacy of the US there are infact increases to the global liberalisation movement (Chestnut Johnston, 2009, pp.252-253). Hegemonic stability theory has a place in contemporary international political economy but it is not overriding. The realist hegemonic stability theory is very rigid for a free trade international system and empirical evidence shows it is true that a hegemon can meet the public goods cost without jeopardising its own state security it isn’t necessarily the only situation where free trade stemming from state power can flourish as we can see with the rising bipolar international system including China. Krasner’s theory concentrates on the Cold War era and how far the US was willing to open world trade at its own expense in order to have an advantage over the Soviet Union in absolute power (Krasner Webb, 1989, p.196). The state power relationship that Krasner offers for open trade in the global system is very convincing in terms of state security and his realist perspective of the international political economy is as a part of international relations rather than separate. It shows that contrary to Scruton’s statement that free trade is possible within a system whereby public goods are met by a state or states are able to meet the demand without risk to their own security. But a more technical approach taken by Richard Baldwin on regionalism and its problems show that international trade is inhibited by the numerous regional rules and argues that a multilateralisation of the existing systems will be required for a truly global free trade system (Baldwin, 2006, p.1451). Two of the issues he analyses are the current asymmetric negotiations whereby nations and interest groups seek to minimise losses rather than maximise gains and race to the bottom tax competition unilateral negotiations as an alternative to regionalism and mulitlateralism which leads to fragmentation in the supply chain (Ibid, 2006, pp.1469-1471). A good example of asymmetric negotiations can be seen between the US and China on tyres in 2009. The Interest groups of labour including United Steel and Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union pushed US negotiations to introduce tariffs on Chinese imports of tyres on the premise of saving US jobs and manufacturing (i.e. minim ising losses). The result of US imposition of tariffs argued by Ilkensen is a cost to the consumer of $600-700 million annually which results in a cost of $300,000 annually per job saved (Ilkensen, 2009). This follows Baldwin’s argument that unilateral and asymmetric trade negotiations lead to strength in interest groups and poor outcomes. It is also an example of Barry Eichengreen’s perspective on the role interest groups have on limiting policy of free trade with reference to the Smoot-Hawley tariffs of the 1930s, the movement towards protectionism by domestic pressure groups (Eichengreen, 2003, p.59). the strength of institutions beyond the state in affecting the outcomes of trade negotiations are able to prevent the posibility of free trade in the international political economy as this example and Eichengreen highlight. Further to this the position of Richard Baldwin on the strength of regionalism in forcing such action as well as inhibiting the prospect of global international free trade by having a multitude of incompatible rules and aims. The possibility of free trade is disputed; the broad theory of Krasner would indicate that it is possible but the specifics of unilateral trade and regionalism show the limits of global free trade. Turning to whether free trade is desirable concentrates on the WTO and the effects of free trade. The comparative advantage of Smith and Ricardo according to Ilkensen applies in the supply chain of the globalised modern political economy because it is how countries ascend or descend the chain, liberalisation of trade restrictions allows producers to serve the global supply chain in specific areas of comparative advantage. He uses the example of the Ipod with highly skilled engineers in Californa and low wage manual workers in China maintain low costs so that consumer prices are not high and members of the labour force can be freed to work in other sectors (Ilkensen,2009, pp.10-15). His argument rejects the idea of international trade being a zero sum game that is assumed by the critics of free trade, his emphasis is on productivity to create growth. The central argument is that all consumers benefit from free trade and the emphasis of the entire argument should shift from producers to consumers (Ibid 2009 pp.10-15). Ilkensen’s analysis of a global supply chain also rejects the premise of a global north/south divide and he argues that there is not national competition but global cooperation (Ibid, p.4). Similarly, the mutual reduction of tariffs ends the prisoner’s dilemma that ends in a Nash equilibrium that satisfies neither party and as argued by Subramanian the developed nations in the WTO system have reduced their tariffs the most while allowing the rest to maintain protection of 2/3 of their imports (2007, pp. 152-154). Ilkensen’s argument ignores many aspects of international political economy and purely concentrates on the economics of the process of free trade. The rejection of the orthodoxy on primacy of producers over consumers is a very market based approach that concludes it is positive for all involved and a desirable outcome of trade negotiations particularly when you highlight that developed nations are seen to give greater concessions. The WTO is an advanced and technical, monitoring and compliance mechanism for managing trade relations where tackling asymmetric power is the key to its existence where every member is given equal standing and access to the Dispute Settlement Understanding (Lanoszka, 2009, pp 47-51). Contrasting the view of Ilkensen are the criticisms placed against the WTO. Sarah Joseph highlights the dependency theory of Singer-Prebisch where free trade deepens the international division of labour that does not work in long term development because it entrenches positions of nations within the core industrialised west, the semi-periphery and periphery of developing nations (2013, p.8). This marxist interpretation of the international political economic system emphasises the asymmetric trade negotiations forced upon developing nations by the WTO to ensure the west’s supremacy in terms of international relations and economics. She argues that with it being in the developed world’s inter est to ensure a lack of diversity in the economies of the developing nations to create an underclass of labour that relies on manufactured imports and foreign direct investment (Ibid, p.9). She accuses the WTO of serving goods and services of big business rather than individuals; in particular that of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) for creating worldwide patents on drugs which therefore prevents their mas use across developing nations to tackle health issues (Ibid, pp. 285-287). Joseph’s critical analysis of the effect of the WTO in pushing for free trade highlights the dominance of the west in maintaining the status quo and not creating the development it promises. In this the problems of free trade show that it is not universally desirable as an economic system. Similarly Joseph Stiglitz attacks the system of free trade for preventing development in the poorest nations by forcing them to state infrastructure and industry. Stiglitz agrees with Scruton’s argument that liberalisation and international economics need to be sensitive to national economies in order to ensure growth and progress; he argues that free trade is about efficiency nations rather than growth, comparative advantage assumes full employment, stability in developing countries’ and uses the example of Southeast Asia where high investment in physical and human activity acted as catalysts for growth (Stiglitz Charlton, 2007, p. 15-25). For developing countries protection of infant industries is more often than not optimal because foreign investment is dependent on selling at a loss until productivity rises which will not happen and in terms of state building the easiest form of revenue is import tariffs and the priorities of a developing economy are not in efficie ncy but growth (Ibid, 2007, pp.32-29). The argument of Stiglitz takes a different perspective on the aims of developing nations from efficiency to growth in their own context; developing nations have very different needs to those that are developed in terms of human development. He highlights the fact that free trade only benefits developed nations that force liberalisation on other nations through the WTO (Ibid, 2007). A further argument against free trade can be found in the environmental lobby that sees potentially global economic expansion as ‘inimical to the goal of preserving a clean, healthy, and sustainable global commons’ (Grossman Krueger, 1991, p.2). The analysis of the report by Grossman and Krueger was specifically regarding the NAFTA trade agreement and the environmental impact on Mexico. Specifically it highlights the problem with Mexico being a relatively poorly developed nation that should industrialisation occur due to liberalisation then pollution will grow under an undeveloped regulatory framework (Ibid, pp.3-4). But the Kuznets curve refutes the basic assumption of the report that economic growth leads to exponential environmental degradation by concluding that the greater the GDP per capita the lower the overall pollution in the long term (Stern, et al., 1996, p.1159). Free trade has initial environmental degradation but the long term forecasts of the Kuznets curv e negate the argument against free trade as a desirable system of international economics. The possibility of free trade is a debated topic and though the technical approach of Baldwin argues that global free trade isn’t a possibility with the complexities of regionalism the overarching argument of Krasner that a hegemon, or as argued more recently a number of nations, providing public goods to fulfill the global demand without incurring too great a cost is a convincing argument in the contemporary international political economy that free trade is possible. But the key debate is whether free trade is desirable in a global context. Taking international economics as a global supply chain then Ilkensen’s argument that the comparative advantage of each country placed within this chain then free trade is necessary to lead to the most efficient forms of growth and all benefit. But the arguments of Stiglitz, Charlton and Joseph emphasis the underlying principle that global trade is a zero-sum system that embeds the current and historical inequalities between the gl obal north and south. To conclude on whether free trade is desirable is dependent on whether the aim is growth or effieciency; growth that it is unfair to developing nations, efficiency that it benefits all. It is too complex a subject to conclude either way in this essay whether it is desirable. Bibliography Baldwin, R., 2006. Multilateralising Regionalism: Spaghetti Bowls as Building Blocs on the Path to Global Free Trade. The World Economy, 29(11), pp. 1451-1518. Chestnut, S. Johnston, A. I., 2009. Is China Rising?. In: E. Paus, P. Prime J. Western, eds. Is China Changing the Rules of the Game. NY: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 237-260. Eichengreen, B., 2003. The Political Economy of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff. In: J. Frieden D. Lake, eds. International Political Economy: Perspectives on Global Wealth and Power. London: Taylor Francis, pp. 47-59. Grossman, G. Krueger, A., 1991. Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Ilkensen, D., 2009. Burning Rubber: Proposed Duties on Chinese Tyres Whiff of Senseless Protectionism. Free Trade Bulletin, Volume 39, pp. 1-4. Ilkensen, D., 2009. No Longer Us Versus Them, London: International Policy Network. Joseph, S., 2013. Blame it on the WTO. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Krasner, S. Webb, M., 1989. Hegemonic Stability Theory: an empirical assessment. Review of International Studies, 15(2), pp. 183-198. Lanoszka, A., 2009. The World Trade Organisation: changing dynamics in the global political economy. London: Lynne Rienner. Scruton, R., 2006. A Political Philosophy. London: Bloomsbury. Stern, D., Common, M. Barbier, E., 1996. Economic Growth and Environmental Dgeradation: The Environmental Kuznets Curve and Sustainable Development. World Development, 24(7), pp. 1151-1160. Stiglitz, J. Charlton, A., 2007. Fair Trade For All. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Subramanian, A., 2007. The WTO Promotes Trade, Strongly but Unevenly. Journal of International Economics, Volume 72, pp. 151-175.

The Way Up to Heaven

apprehension : anixiety bland : showing no strong emotions foible : little weekness or strange habit bustling : very busy butler : main,male servant yearing : strong desire diminutive : small and thin dapper : man dressed nicely hazy : not clear flabby : unattrective,soft,loose cable : telegraf shrill : very high and unpleasant sound tinkling : a light ringing sound pantry: a small room in a house where foods is kept appressive : a situation that makes you unhappy,worried glimmer: a small sign of sth trifle : modas? gecmis onemsiz CHARACTERS Mrs. Foster: she is the main character. ut she has no giving name or age. She is just her husband’s wife. She is modest,faithful ,neurotic,disiplined,suffuring. She changes,when she arrives Paris,she feels wonderful,strong,purposeful,cool and calm. And when she arrives back to New York she feels satisfied. Mr. Foster: he is 70 years old,rich,insensitive,diminutive but quite dapper,and he shows no love for his family and he has a few friend s. He is a static,flat character. CLIMAX The main turning point is he moment when Mrs. Foster freezes in front door to listen to a sound which is coming from the house. CONFLICTS External conflict: between the mrs.Foster and mr foster. Although she knows that her husban torments her on purpose,she does say anything about it. Internal conflict: between the mrs. foster and herself. Although she wants tol ive with her grandchildren she also thinks that it is wrong because her husband is still alive and she is a loyal wife. *** Mrs. Foster has an almost pathological fear of being late. And her husband knows she will be hysterical if he is late. So he always late on purpose. And he watch her to see if the tiny muscle by her eye starts twitching. She is begining to realize that her husbant is tormenting her.

Education is a means of brainwashing a society Essay

This can also be observed in our present Western world, where higher education can be gained with capitalist power, meaning money. If we regard this issue from the global point of view, on can see how our Western world exhaust the 3rd world, and keep it down in order to profit from their cheap working forces. This withholding of knowledge gives the Western states a position of enforcing its imperialistic politics on other populations. Moreover the knowledge is also essential to express criticism, which is not being in given in these backward countries. In the Iraq for example, a whole population is being oppressed by a corrupt and oppressive regime; however, instead of opposing the regime on the streets or express a sense of resistance, the whole population is fascinated by the leader and adores him. This would truly not have been possible with a decent amount of education. On the other hand one has to say that in a country such as Iraq, objective reporting are overshadowed by the highly subjective, the regime supporting propaganda reporting; due to the lack of education the brought masses are very accessible for such kind of information. What it basically makes clear is that without an objective education, criticism is impossible and prejudice is indoctrinated. Without education, a human being cannot differentiate if something is right or wrong; thus it just accepts its situation and becomes vulnerable to leaders or regimes, which can then impose their ideology upon the individual. We find a similar situation in Bernd Shaw’s play ‘Pygmalion’, where the lower Strata (in this case symbolized by Eliza) is not able to express any criticism due to her lack of knowledge; in a nai ve, non-critical way she accepts everything that is being told her. The quote of Higgins â€Å"Oh that’ll be all right. I’ve taught her to speak properly; and she has strict orders as to her behaviour. She’s to keep to two subjects: the weather and everybody’s health- (†¦ )† demonstrates how Elizabeth is being reduced to a common object in a experiment comparable to a rat in a laboratory. This inability to express critics on the way she is being treated emerges from her lack of knowledge how to speak properly and so lack of education. Taking this idea one step further, lack of education can consequently result in the transforming of a human being in a mindless machine; a human being’s is character and personality is defined through its experience on various areas of knowledge, which is gained by education. If this intellectualism is being suppressed, a society becomes vulnerable towards underhand manipulation by an intellectually more advanced minority that dazzles the people with the utopian idea of salvation and an improvement of their live conditions. Again we can observe this at out present society, thus in another way. Christian values are the basics of our society; laws like â€Å"You shall not kill† make a social living-together possible. These basics are being taught virtually from birth on. So we here have the example of how education is a pillar of our society, upon everything is based. Summing everything up, in conclusion it can be stated that education is essential for any individual; if there is none, no right/wrong discussion can emerge and so no criticism. This circumstance can be used by regimes to use education as a powerful and highly effective tool to manipulate a population. Doubtlessly education enforces prejudice; however to what extend this is objectively assessed or just imposed on an individual, that has nothing else to believe in, depends on the governing regime. In communism for example people are brainwashed and subjective beliefs are institutionalised upon them; however, to gain the ability to express criticism or an opinion and so prevent oppression, education is essential. The insidious increase of ignorant stupidity, caused by the malign influence of individuals/groups is the disease infiltrating a society and can only be fought with objective education.

Breaking Muphrys Law

Breaking Muphrys Law Breaking Muphry’s Law Breaking Muphry’s Law By Mark Nichol A recent newspaper blog post about a typographical error on Mitt Romney’s iPhone â€Å"With Mitt† app it refers to â€Å"A Better Amercia† inevitably succumbed to Muphry’s law, which states that any criticism of a writing or editing error will itself contain such an error. After commenting on the mistake, the blogger referred to the microblogging site Tumblr, writing, â€Å"And there’s already a Tumblr [page] for this with people goofing on the slip-up†¦.or what that be a Tumbeler?† That final phrase (which also reveals that the blogger obviously didn’t read my post about ellipses), should read, â€Å"or would that be a Tumbeler?† (If you want to ruin a joke that features a deliberate typographical error, there’s nothing better than immediately preceding it with an accidental typo.) The adage the blogger’s boo-boo upholds is also known, with variations, as McKean’s law, after lexicographer Erin McKean; Skitt’s law, named for an alt.usage.english contributor; and Hartman’s Law of Prescriptivist Retaliation, the grandiloquent nomenclature of technical writer and fiction writer and editor Jed Hartman. A blogger with the handle Zeno called it the Iron Law of Nitpicking, a better label, perhaps, as it does not credit a particular person, but Muphry’s law (which only indirectly refers to a specific source) is of course the most appropriate moniker. An Australian editor named John Bangsund explicated the law as follows in 1992: (a) If you write anything criticizing editing or proofreading, there will be a fault of some kind in what you have written; (b) If an author thanks you in a book for your editing or proofreading, there will be mistakes in the book; (c) The stronger the sentiment expressed in (a) and (b), the greater the fault; (d) Any book devoted to editing or style will be internally inconsistent. The oldest known statement along these lines, however, is one from early twentieth-century writer Ambrose Bierce (best known for his caustically misanthropic Devil’s Dictionary), who in 1909 wrote in a writing handbook, â€Å"Writers all, both great and small, are habitual sinners against the light; and their accuser is cheerfully aware that his own work will supply (as in making this book it has supplied) many ‘awful examples.’† The moral of the story one I disregard by writing this post, which according to Muphry’s law should be rewarded by divine retribution in the form of commenters pointing out some error I’ve introduced is, â€Å"Writers in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to Avoid11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your WritingHow to Style Titles of Print and Online Publications

The Effects of Globalization essays

The Effects of Globalization essays In the modern world today activities are becoming faster, closer, and easier than they had ever been. Communication has never been easier. At the click of a button people are able to exchange information almost instantly. Not only is the rate of information becoming faster, but also the rate of exchange of goods, services, and money. With all this exchange of information, what keeps us separated in the world? Has what was once a separate world consisting of different nations and areas becoming hurled into one large body? This distribution and pulling together of the world is referred by most as globalization. Globalization is believed by many as being the revolution of the future. However, globalization is not just in the future; it is also existent in the present day as well and is growing rapidly. (geneseo.edu/~jet4/, 2000) As with any concept, globalization has positive and negative views upon it. These positive and negative characteristics affect many different aspects of humanity, for instance culture, the economy, education, and politics. These and many other aspects are also affected upon. (geneseo.edu/~jet4/, 2000) It is very difficult for something as big as globalization to not have even a little affect on the culture of a region. Culture, being a way of life, will always be changing. Globalization is just one of many contributions to this. As globalization grows it pulls nations closer together. In doing this a concept called cultural diffusion or cultural blending often takes place. This can be thought of as a good thing or in some cases a bad thing also. Cultural diffusion allows a wide variety of different cultures to grow and flourish. However, since these cultures are changing so rapidly, some of the long held traditions of the past may start to die out and not be presented in the future. This of course will disagree with individuals who value these traditions. (c...

Deciphering Communication Styles between Men and Women Essay

Deciphering Communication Styles between Men and Women - Essay Example For example the communicative style of a child is different from that of teenager or adult. It is the study about communication which has led me understanding the way I interacting with people is more complex than I assume. After studying about communication I have become more observant in communicating with people at home, work and online classrooms. I acknowledge that speaking itself does not constitute communication but equal importance must be given to listening aspect too. It is a two way phenomenon in which, both the speaker and listener have position to comply with. For example, communication between genders has different perspective when closely monitored. When I communicate with my mother and sister I perceive that I am more emotional, but when I talk with my father it is more of action – oriented and practical. As per (Sherwood,2013) â€Å"Women communicate through dialogue, discussing emotions, choices and problems. Males remain action-oriented -- the goal of commu nication is to achieve something†. Communication at Home and Gender concept The communication held at home is different from that of workplace or online classrooms. The communication process at home is informal whereas work place and online class rooms are formal. Communication is a two way process and people involved in it largely makes the nature of it. Communication is an art and interacting with women and men in this as a process largely differ. When I perceive the way in which I communicate with my mother and sister, I can understand I am using a different tone and style. I can understand that inequality does exist while communicating with females and males. My talking style is different with my mother and sister and it takes different direction when communicating with my Father. When communicating with men and women we can understand the functionalism concept in them as both the gender convey inequality. When I talk to my mother I find that she wants to connect to me emo tionally and wants to know about my wellbeing and physical status. My mother talks about choices, problems I encounter and think a lot before giving her decisions. Even my sister wants to achieve emotional satisfaction by communicating with me and be playful with me all time. She likes to argue with me without reason to engage more emotionally with me. However, my father is more serious while communicating and is direct in his speech. He gives practical solution to the problems I encounter in life and is guides me for a better living. According to (Lieberman,2009)â€Å"Men like to tell and give information rather than ask questions. They share experiences as a way of being one-up†. Communication at work place and gender concept Communication at workplace is different from home as the former is a formal environment. In my workplace my main communication is with my manager. My manager is a male and I can identify his communicative style to mostly resemble with my Father. I can find that he is very authoritative in his talking style. He is very reserved person and unlike female colleague is less problem sharing and expressive. When I talk with my female colleague, I find her as a talkative person, who enquires more about my life outside the office. I find her very pacifying compare to my other male colleague. As per (Tannen,2010) â€Å"I have spent more than three decades collecting and analyzing thousands of examples of how women and men interact and have found that men’

Marine Finance and Insurance - Coursework 3 Essay

Marine Finance and Insurance - Coursework 3 - Essay Example In this particular case, no tax rate is given. 7Capital investment appraisal or capital budgeting is primarily concerned with incremental cash flows therefore depreciation should be added back to arrive at the projected cash flow from operations, because there is no actual cash outflow for depreciation (Brigham, et al, 1999). 3The discounted cash flows are the resulting cash flows after applying the cost of capital which is 14% or , projected cash flow during the year/ (1.14)t, where t represents the time or nth year, 1 is constant, and .14 or 14% is Tower’s cost of capital. To illustrate: Discounted Cash Flow for the first year is computed as: 2,890,000.00/ (1.14)1. For the second year, it is, 6,370,000.00/ (1.14)2, and so on until the sixth year. We will use the discounted cash flows in calculating the discounted payback period and the profitability index or PI (Gapenski, et al, 1999). Regular Payback Method. This method of appraising investment tells the number of operating years needed to recover the initial investment or cash outlay. It is the number of years required until the accumulated cash inflows will equal to the amount of the initial investment. The exact payback period is computed using the formula: Payback = Year before full recovery + (Unrecovered Cost at the start of Year/Cash Flow during the Year). If the capital is recovered within the shortest possible time, then this is good for the company (Brigham et al 1999). If the payback period is less than the companys required payback period for the investment, the proposal is accepted, otherwise it is rejected. However, this method does not consider significant cash flows or profit after the payback period. Therefore, this could not be a sound basis for deciding on the profitability of the investment (Bucklery 1996). For Towers, it will take 3 years before full recovery of proposed investment, total accumulated inflows